{"id":256099,"date":"2024-03-13T15:24:49","date_gmt":"2024-03-13T14:24:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/habitat\/"},"modified":"2024-12-09T22:47:30","modified_gmt":"2024-12-09T21:47:30","slug":"habitat","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/habitat\/","title":{"rendered":"Habitat"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Habitat<\/p>\n

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Les hommes des bois sans les for\u00eats<\/h3>\n

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Les Baka ont perdu la for\u00eat et donc leur maison<\/h5>\n

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Ces changements obligent les Baka \u00e0 s’adapter aux nouvelles conditions. La for\u00eat, traditionnellement au c\u0153ur de leur culture et de leur identit\u00e9, foyer de leurs esprits et lieu d’origine de leur existence, perd de plus en plus son r\u00f4le de source primaire de vie. La destruction de la for\u00eat a un impact profond sur la vie des Baka, car ils ne peuvent plus maintenir leur mode de vie traditionnel. Dans leurs traditions, rituels et c\u00e9r\u00e9monies, la for\u00eat a toujours \u00e9t\u00e9 au c\u0153ur de leur vision du monde. Leur conviction d’\u00eatre les premiers habitants de la for\u00eat est aujourd’hui confront\u00e9e \u00e0 de grands d\u00e9fis. Face \u00e0 ces changements, les Baka doivent trouver de nouveaux moyens de garantir leurs droits, leur dignit\u00e9, leur culture et leur capacit\u00e9 de survie. La p\u00e9rennit\u00e9 de l’identit\u00e9 Baka d\u00e9pend d\u00e9sormais de la mani\u00e8re dont ils s’adaptent \u00e0 ces circonstances changeantes et d\u00e9veloppent de nouvelles strat\u00e9gies de survie.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.24.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px|40px|0px|40px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px|40px|0px|40px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bb|0px||0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|phone\u00a0\u00bb animation_style=\u00a0\u00bbslide\u00a0\u00bb animation_direction=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb animation_intensity_slide=\u00a0\u00bb10%\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_image src=\u00a0\u00bbhttps:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/19-Geldschein_1200.jpg\u00a0\u00bb title_text=\u00a0\u00bb19-Billet de banque_1200″ align=\u00a0\u00bbright\u00a0\u00bb align_tablet=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb align_phone=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb align_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|tablet\u00a0\u00bb disabled_on=\u00a0\u00bboff|off|off\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.24.2″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb45px||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin_phone=\u00a0\u00bb0px||||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|tablet\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb border_width_all=\u00a0\u00bb10px\u00a0\u00bb border_color_all=\u00a0\u00bbgcid-68167592-93bf-42e1-b647-be2741e2671d\u00a0\u00bb locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{%22gcid-68167592-93bf-42e1-b647-be2741e2671d%22:%91%22border_color_all%22%93}\u00a0\u00bb][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.24.3″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb text_font=\u00a0\u00bbDM Sans||||||||\u00a0\u00bb text_text_color=\u00a0\u00bb#016000″ text_line_height=\u00a0\u00bb1.3em\u00a0\u00bb background_color=\u00a0\u00bb#e5efe5″ custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb0px|0px|40px|0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb20px|40px|30px|40px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb border_color_all=\u00a0\u00bb#e5efe5″ locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{%22gcid-8320afa5-9432-42fb-bd35-c88e7c83c468%22:%91%22header_4_text_color%22,%22header_4_text_color%22,%22header_4_text_color%22,%22header_4_text_color%22,%22header_4_text_color%22%93,%22gcid-68167592-93bf-42e1-b647-be2741e2671d%22:%91%22border_color_all%22,%22background_color%22%93}\u00a0\u00bb]L’exploitation foresti\u00e8re et l’octroi de concessions aux entreprises foresti\u00e8res sont tr\u00e8s importants pour l’\u00c9tat du Cameroun d’un point de vue \u00e9conomique. L’exportation de bois et de produits d\u00e9riv\u00e9s g\u00e9n\u00e8re des revenus importants et constitue une source importante de devises.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=\u00a0\u00bb1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb gutter_width=\u00a0\u00bb4″ custom_padding_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|tablet\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb width=\u00a0\u00bb90%\u00a0\u00bb module_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbcenter\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb|0px||0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb40px|0px|40px|0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb40px|0px|40px|0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bb0px|0px|40px|0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_column type=\u00a0\u00bb1_2″ _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.27.0″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px|40px|40px|40px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_tablet=\u00a0\u00bb0px|40px|40px|40px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_phone=\u00a0\u00bb0px|0px|40px|0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding_last_edited=\u00a0\u00bbon|phone\u00a0\u00bb animation_style=\u00a0\u00bbslide\u00a0\u00bb animation_direction=\u00a0\u00bbbottom\u00a0\u00bb animation_duration=\u00a0\u00bb600ms\u00a0\u00bb animation_delay=\u00a0\u00bb500ms\u00a0\u00bb animation_intensity_slide=\u00a0\u00bb10%\u00a0\u00bb animation_speed_curve=\u00a0\u00bbease\u00a0\u00bb custom_css_main_element=\u00a0\u00bb||margin: auto;\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb background__hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bbon|hover\u00a0\u00bb][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.24.2″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb0px|0px|10px|0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{%22gcid-8320afa5-9432-42fb-bd35-c88e7c83c468%22:%91%22header_4_text_color%22%93}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n

Comment l’argent parvient-il aux Baka de Mballam ?<\/h5>\n

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Les for\u00eats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conc\u00e9d\u00e9es par l’\u00c9tat \u00e0 des entreprises foresti\u00e8res pour leur exploitation. En th\u00e9orie, une part importante des recettes fiscales g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es par les entreprises foresti\u00e8res devait \u00eatre revers\u00e9e aux communaut\u00e9s locales pour le d\u00e9veloppement de l’ensemble du district, c’est-\u00e0-dire pour les salaires du personnel enseignant, les fournitures scolaires, les services de sant\u00e9, etc. Les taxes qui devraient aller \u00e0 la communaut\u00e9 locale prennent souvent une destination inconnue entre les mains du comit\u00e9 de gestion local mis en place pour s’assurer que l’argent est utilis\u00e9 pour le d\u00e9veloppement de la communaut\u00e9 dans l’int\u00e9r\u00eat de toute la population. Les fonds peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s par les entreprises foresti\u00e8res pour permettre \u00e0 leurs employ\u00e9s et \u00e0 leurs familles d’acc\u00e9der \u00e0 ces services. Les fonds sont g\u00e9r\u00e9s par des Bantous et ces derniers ont une forte influence sur les entreprises foresti\u00e8res. Dans cette configuration, peu de choses parviennent aux communaut\u00e9s baka. Les salles de classe ou les soi-disant centres communautaires sont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par les entreprises foresti\u00e8res comme des cadeaux pour les Baka. Les Baka ne peuvent faire valoir aucun droit, car ils ne connaissent pas leurs droits, ne sont pas inform\u00e9s et n’ont pas le pouvoir politique de les revendiquer. <\/p>\n

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Les Baka sont autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 chasser des animaux non prot\u00e9g\u00e9s et \u00e0 collecter des produits non ligneux sur le territoire de l’UFA. <\/span><\/p>\n

Dans de nombreux cas, les communaut\u00e9s ne savent m\u00eame pas qu’elles devraient \u00eatre indemnis\u00e9es pour l’impact que les entreprises d’exploitation foresti\u00e8re ont sur leurs terres, leurs ressources et leurs moyens de subsistance. <\/span><\/p>\n

Pourtant, les Baka n’ont ni le pouvoir ni l’influence n\u00e9cessaires pour se faire entendre, et ils ne re\u00e7oivent pas de compensation \u00e9quitable pour l’impact que les entreprises d’exploitation foresti\u00e8re ont sur leurs moyens de subsistance et leur culture.<\/p>\n

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Les nouveaux propri\u00e9taires<\/p>\n

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Les nouveaux propri\u00e9taires de la for\u00eat<\/h5>\n

[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.24.2″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{%22gcid-8320afa5-9432-42fb-bd35-c88e7c83c468%22:%91%22header_4_text_color%22%93}\u00a0\u00bb]Les for\u00eats ont \u00e9t\u00e9 conc\u00e9d\u00e9es par l’\u00c9tat \u00e0 des entreprises foresti\u00e8res pour leur exploitation. En th\u00e9orie, une part importante des recettes fiscales g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es par les entreprises foresti\u00e8res devrait \u00eatre revers\u00e9e aux communaut\u00e9s locales pour le d\u00e9veloppement de l’ensemble du district, mais dans la r\u00e9alit\u00e9, presque rien ne parvient aux communaut\u00e9s Baka. Les Baka n’ont ni le pouvoir ni l’influence pour se faire entendre, et ils ne re\u00e7oivent pas de compensation \u00e9quitable pour l’impact que les entreprises d’exploitation foresti\u00e8re ont sur leurs moyens de subsistance et leur culture.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=\u00a0\u00bb@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9saW5rX3VybF9wYWdlIiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsicG9zdF9pZCI6IjIzMDMzOSJ9fQ==@\u00a0\u00bb button_text=\u00a0\u00bbComment l'argent parvient-il aux Baka de Mballam ?\u00a0\u00bb button_alignment=\u00a0\u00bbleft\u00a0\u00bb disabled_on=\u00a0\u00bbon|on|on\u00a0\u00bb _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.24.2″ _dynamic_attributes=\u00a0\u00bbbutton_url\u00a0\u00bb _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_button=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb button_text_size=\u00a0\u00bb12px\u00a0\u00bb button_border_width=\u00a0\u00bb0px\u00a0\u00bb button_letter_spacing=\u00a0\u00bb0.08em\u00a0\u00bb button_icon=\u00a0\u00bb||fa||900″ button_on_hover=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb background_layout=\u00a0\u00bbdark\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb0px||60px||false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb10px|60px|10px|50px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb disabled=\u00a0\u00bbon\u00a0\u00bb locked=\u00a0\u00bboff\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb button_letter_spacing__hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bbon|hover\u00a0\u00bb button_letter_spacing__hover=\u00a0\u00bb0.08em\u00a0\u00bb button_bg_color__hover_enabled=\u00a0\u00bboff|desktop\u00a0\u00bb][\/et_pb_button][et_pb_text _builder_version=\u00a0\u00bb4.24.2″ _module_preset=\u00a0\u00bbdefault\u00a0\u00bb custom_margin=\u00a0\u00bb0px|0px|10px|0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb custom_padding=\u00a0\u00bb0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false\u00a0\u00bb global_colors_info=\u00a0\u00bb{}\u00a0\u00bb]<\/p>\n

For\u00eats vides<\/h5>\n

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Chez les Baka, la chasse fait partie de leur identit\u00e9 et joue un r\u00f4le social et culturel dans leur vie, en plus de la simple obtention de prot\u00e9ines.<\/p>\n

Ils chassent principalement des petits mammif\u00e8res et occasionnellement une antilope ou un singe, les serpents ou les grands oiseaux sont \u00e9galement des proies appr\u00e9ci\u00e9es. Les Baka pratiquent ce type de chasse durable depuis des si\u00e8cles et l’\u00e9quilibre n’a \u00e9t\u00e9 rompu que lorsque la viande de gibier est devenue un produit commercial. <\/p>\n

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Le Cameroun est l’un des plus grands exportateurs de bois pr\u00e9cieux au monde. Chaque jour, des dizaines de camions traversent le village des Baka. Les Baka voient leurs arbres emport\u00e9s sans \u00eatre impliqu\u00e9s dans ce commerce. <\/p>\n

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La for\u00eat modifi\u00e9e<\/p>\n

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La transformation de la for\u00eat<\/h3>\n

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Outre le pillage de la faune sauvage et la difficult\u00e9 toujours plus grande pour les Baka de trouver des animaux dans la for\u00eat, l’exploitation de la ressource foresti\u00e8re a un impact sur les Baka et leur vie qui est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement ignor\u00e9.<\/h5>\n

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Les entreprises foresti\u00e8res ont achet\u00e9 \u00e0 l’\u00c9tat camerounais des concessions pour exploiter la for\u00eat et couper s\u00e9lectivement des bois pr\u00e9cieux d’un certain diam\u00e8tre. Elles plantent ensuite de nouveaux arbres et laissent la zone au repos pendant plusieurs ann\u00e9es. Les Baka sont autoris\u00e9s \u00e0 chasser des animaux non prot\u00e9g\u00e9s et \u00e0 collecter des produits non ligneux \u00e0 l’int\u00e9rieur de la zone de la concession. D’un point de vue superficiel, tout semble en ordre. <\/p>\n

Pour les Baka, cependant, cet ordre est diff\u00e9rent : Les machines lourdes ouvrent des voies et des routes dans la for\u00eat et modifient profond\u00e9ment la for\u00eat. Les Baka se d\u00e9pla\u00e7aient r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement en petits groupes le long de vastes sentiers qui r\u00e9duisaient les obstacles \u00e0 la recherche de nourriture. Ces sentiers sont en grande partie d\u00e9truits et des fourr\u00e9s difficilement p\u00e9n\u00e9trables bloquent le passage vers les zones de chasse traditionnelles. Les cours d’eau ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9tourn\u00e9s et l’eau s’accumule l\u00e0 o\u00f9 coulaient autrefois de petites rivi\u00e8res et des ruisseaux. <\/p>\n

Les zones ou arbres sacr\u00e9s sont th\u00e9oriquement prot\u00e9g\u00e9s et devraient \u00eatre \u00e9pargn\u00e9s par les compagnies foresti\u00e8res. Ces lieux, s’ils survivent, perdent leur magie et leur signification. <\/p>\n

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Ils tirent la majeure partie de leur graisse v\u00e9g\u00e9tale des graines du maobi (poirier africain Baillonella toxisperma<\/em>). Parall\u00e8lement, cet arbre est un bois d’exportation tr\u00e8s recherch\u00e9. L’arbre a besoin de 40 \u00e0 60 ans pour produire des graines, ce qui fait que la reproduction n’apporte pas grand-chose pour des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations enti\u00e8res. L’abattage s\u00e9lectif entre en concurrence directe avec l’alimentation des Baka. <\/p>\n

Il en va de m\u00eame pour le sapelli (Entandrophragma cylindricum<\/em>), qui est \u00e9galement un bois d’\u0153uvre tr\u00e8s recherch\u00e9. Les chenilles de deux esp\u00e8ces de papillons de nuit se nourrissent de cet arbre, qui est une source de prot\u00e9ines tr\u00e8s recherch\u00e9e par les Baka. L\u00e0 aussi, les papillons de nuit ne font leur nid que lorsque la canop\u00e9e a atteint la canop\u00e9e de la for\u00eat, c’est-\u00e0-dire \u00e9galement apr\u00e8s des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations. <\/p>\n

Ainsi, non seulement la destruction et l’embroussaillement des \u00ab\u00a0sentiers\u00a0\u00bb utilis\u00e9s depuis des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, la disparition des points de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence et la cr\u00e9ation d’un r\u00e9seau de pistes utilisables par les braconniers \u00e0 moto, mais aussi d’importantes sources de nourriture pour les Baka sont directement d\u00e9truites.<\/p>\n

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HabitatLes hommes des bois sans les for\u00eatsLes Baka ont perdu la for\u00eat et donc leur maisonLa for\u00eat, qui constitue le principal moyen de subsistance des Baka, ne peut pas \u00eatre pr\u00e9serv\u00e9e dans sa forme originelle en raison des \u00e9volutions et des d\u00e9fis actuels. Ces changements obligent les Baka \u00e0 s’adapter aux nouvelles conditions. La for\u00eat, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-256099","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/256099","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=256099"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/256099\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":256742,"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/256099\/revisions\/256742"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=256099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}