{"id":256796,"date":"2024-12-15T14:30:25","date_gmt":"2024-12-15T13:30:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/?page_id=256796"},"modified":"2025-02-05T18:00:32","modified_gmt":"2025-02-05T17:00:32","slug":"cueillette-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/cueillette-2\/","title":{"rendered":"L’offre de la for\u00eat"},"content":{"rendered":"

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L’offre de la for\u00eat<\/p>\n

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L\u2019art de la cueillette<\/h5>\n

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La cueillette dans la for\u00eat tropicale est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment central de la vie des Baka. Lors de leurs excursions, ils ramassent des plantes, des champignons et des chenilles. Cette activit\u00e9 est principalement pratiqu\u00e9e par les femmes, tandis que les hommes se concentrent sur la chasse. Les ressources collect\u00e9es compl\u00e8tent parfaitement le butin de chasse et couvrent les besoins en glucides, prot\u00e9ines, vitamines et graisses. <\/p>\n

Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leur connaissance approfondie des p\u00e9riodes de croissance et de maturation, ils peuvent exploiter l’offre saisonni\u00e8re de mani\u00e8re cibl\u00e9e. La cueillette est pratiqu\u00e9e depuis des mill\u00e9naires et pr\u00e9serve un \u00e9quilibre durable entre l’utilisation des ressources et la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 alimentaire. Cependant, cet \u00e9quilibre est de plus en plus menac\u00e9 par les changements climatiques et environnementaux, l’acc\u00e8s limit\u00e9 \u00e0 la for\u00eat, ainsi que par une exploitation d\u00e9passant les besoins personnels. <\/p>\n

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Des sources d’amidon vari\u00e9es<\/h5>\n

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Alors que le manioc, le ma\u00efs, le riz et les bananes plantain dominent le r\u00e9gime alimentaire des villages situ\u00e9s au bord des routes, les ignames sauvages de la for\u00eat sont un mets de choix pour les Baka. Ils rep\u00e8rent les tubercules cach\u00e9s dans le sol gr\u00e2ce aux fines tiges des plantes grimpantes et les d\u00e9terrent \u00e0 l’aide de machettes ou d’outils sp\u00e9cialement con\u00e7us. <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n

La cueillette de l’igname sauvage demande beaucoup de travail, car les plantes poussent individuellement dans la for\u00eat et les tubercules sont souvent profond\u00e9ment enfouis dans le sol. Bien que le rendement soit faible par rapport aux vari\u00e9t\u00e9s d’igname cultiv\u00e9es ou au manioc, les tubercules d’igname sauvage se distinguent par une teneur plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e en nutriments pr\u00e9cieux. Les Baka appr\u00e9cient ces tubercules pour leur go\u00fbt unique et font partie int\u00e9grante de leur r\u00e9gime alimentaire traditionnel. <\/p>\n

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Sous le terme \u00ab\u00a0igname sauvage\u00a0\u00bb, les Baka d\u00e9signent plusieurs plantes \u00e0 tubercules, principalement du genre Dioscorea spp.<\/em>, chaque plante ayant son propre nom et ses propres usages. Les principales sont <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ba <\/strong>(Dioscorea mangenotiana<\/em>) : ce tubercule savoureux \u00e0 la chair jaune est un d\u00e9lice qui pourrait m\u00eame faire sensation dans un restaurant gastronomique europ\u00e9en.<\/p>\n

Sap\u00e0 <\/strong>(Dioscorea praehensilis<\/em>) : ce tubercule est \u00e9galement collect\u00e9 pendant la saison s\u00e8che et est connu pour sa long\u00e9vit\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u0294\u00e8s\u00f9m\u00e0 <\/strong>(Dioscorea semperflorens<\/em>) : Elle a une forme \u00e9lanc\u00e9e, pousse dans des sols meubles et est plus accessible car elle n’est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas enfouie profond\u00e9ment dans le sol.<\/p>\n

L’igname sauvage est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e par la culture Baka non seulement comme un aliment de base important, mais aussi comme faisant partie de son patrimoine symbolique et est enracin\u00e9e dans ses mythes, ses rites et ses croyances spirituelles.<\/p>\n

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Une offre riche<\/h5>\n

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Outre l’igname sauvage, de nombreuses autres plantes poussent dans la for\u00eat et sont utilis\u00e9es de diff\u00e9rentes mani\u00e8res. Ils savent quelles feuilles peuvent \u00eatre consomm\u00e9es comme l\u00e9gumes, quels fruits et noix sont comestibles, qu’il s’agisse de racines tub\u00e9reuses (sauf Dioscorea spp.<\/em>), de l\u00e9gumes \u00e0 feuilles sauvages, ainsi que de noix et de fruits sauvages. Pour la cuisine, ils r\u00e9coltent des \u00e9pices savoureuses \u00e0 partir de feuilles, de graines et d’\u00e9corces (l’une d’entre elles a un go\u00fbt d’aromate). \u00c0 partir d’une \u00e9corce (probablement celle du poivrier africain(Zanthoxylum heitzii<\/em>), les Baka pr\u00e9parent une infusion extr\u00eamement piquante. <\/p>\n

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Mangue sauvage<\/h5>\n

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Les Baka savent exactement quels fruits, graines et noix sont comestibles et comment les utiliser. L’un des fruits les plus populaires, mais aussi une ressource importante, est la mangue sauvage(Irvingia gabonensis<\/em>), connue sous le nom d'\u00a0\u00bbAndok\u00a0\u00bb. Ces fruits m\u00fbrissent pendant la saison s\u00e8che et fournissent aux Baka une source pr\u00e9cieuse de graisses et de calories. Les mangues ne sont pas seulement consomm\u00e9es fra\u00eeches, mais leurs graines sont s\u00e9ch\u00e9es et transform\u00e9es en une p\u00e2te qui sert d’ingr\u00e9dient dans de nombreux plats traditionnels. Ces graines, \u00e9galement appel\u00e9es \u00ab\u00a0ogbono\u00a0\u00bb, contiennent environ 50 \u00e0 70 % de mati\u00e8res grasses, principalement sous forme d’acides gras insatur\u00e9s b\u00e9n\u00e9fiques. La saison des mangues est la bienvenue dans le r\u00e9gime alimentaire et donne aux Baka une source suppl\u00e9mentaire de calories. <\/p>\n

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Moabi<\/h5>\n

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L’un des points forts du calendrier de cueillette est la saison moabi, lorsque les noix de l’arbre moabi (<\/em>Baillonella toxisperma<\/em>) arrivent \u00e0 maturit\u00e9. Pendant la saison du moabi, les Baka se rendent souvent dans la for\u00eat pour se rapprocher le plus possible des grands arbres et r\u00e9colter les noix. Les noix collect\u00e9es sont ensuite transform\u00e9es en huile, riche en acides gras insatur\u00e9s, qui constitue un \u00e9l\u00e9ment indispensable du r\u00e9gime alimentaire des Baka. De plus, l’huile est traditionnellement utilis\u00e9e pour les soins de la peau et comme rem\u00e8de aux petits probl\u00e8mes de peau tels que la s\u00e9cheresse et les ger\u00e7ures. L’huile de moabi a \u00e9galement fait son entr\u00e9e dans l’industrie cosm\u00e9tique et les arbres moabi adultes sont de plus en plus rares. <\/p>\n

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Chenilles<\/h5>\n

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Lorsque les villages situ\u00e9s le long des routes sont presque vides et que les enfants ne vont pas \u00e0 l’\u00e9cole, un moment crucial dans le rythme annuel des Baka est arriv\u00e9 : la saison des chenilles. \u00ab\u00a0Ils sont dans les chenilles\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Les chenilles de papillons et de col\u00e9opt\u00e8res sont un mets appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 par les Baka et une source importante de prot\u00e9ines. Elles couvrent les besoins saisonniers en prot\u00e9ines et en min\u00e9raux et compl\u00e8tent le r\u00e9gime alimentaire v\u00e9g\u00e9tal. Les chenilles sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement cuites fra\u00eeches ou s\u00e9ch\u00e9es pour une utilisation ult\u00e9rieure. <\/p>\n

Les populations de ces insectes diminuent lentement mais r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement. D’une part, les insectes sont confront\u00e9s \u00e0 un d\u00e9clin important dans le monde entier, et d’autre part, la demande de chenilles comestibles augmente dans les zones urbaines, o\u00f9 elles sont consid\u00e9r\u00e9es comme un mets d\u00e9licat. Cela conduit les Baka \u00e0 utiliser leurs r\u00e9coltes non seulement pour leur propre consommation, mais aussi \u00e0 les vendre au bord des routes, ce qui augmente la pression sur cette ressource.
De plus, beaucoup de ces esp\u00e8ces de chenilles vivent sur des arbres qui sont \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s demand\u00e9s par l’industrie du bois, comme le moabi et le sapelli(Entandrophragma cylindricum<\/em>). L’abattage de ces arbres prive les chenilles de leur source de vie et de nourriture, ce qui met encore plus en danger les populations et compromet donc l’exploitation durable par les Baka. <\/p>\n

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La pharmacie de la for\u00eat<\/h5>\n

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Les Baka utilisent les plantes de leur for\u00eat pour traiter les maladies et pr\u00e9server leur sant\u00e9. Leur vaste connaissance des plantes m\u00e9dicinales est transmise de g\u00e9n\u00e9ration en g\u00e9n\u00e9ration. Chaque excursion est l’occasion de collecter des ressources m\u00e9dicinales en plus de la nourriture. Si les connaissances de base sur les feuilles qui font baisser la fi\u00e8vre ou les herbes qui cicatrisent les plaies sont r\u00e9pandues chez de nombreux adultes, ce sont surtout les gu\u00e9risseurs traditionnels – g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement des membres \u00e2g\u00e9s de la communaut\u00e9 – qui poss\u00e8dent des connaissances plus sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es. Ils connaissent le dosage, la combinaison et la pr\u00e9paration corrects des plantes, souvent associ\u00e9s \u00e0 des pratiques rituelles. Ce savoir est transmis de mani\u00e8re s\u00e9lective, g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e0 des personnes qui ont la confiance et la capacit\u00e9 de perp\u00e9tuer la pratique de la m\u00e9decine. Les plantes m\u00e9dicinales sont \u00e9galement collect\u00e9es par les hommes. <\/p>\n

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Menaces et protection<\/h5>\n

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L’utilisation traditionnelle de la for\u00eat est mise sous pression par l’augmentation de la d\u00e9forestation et l’expansion des terres agricoles. Des organisations telles que la FAO et des initiatives locales s’efforcent en th\u00e9orie de prot\u00e9ger ces moyens de subsistance et de promouvoir l’utilisation durable de ces ressources afin de pr\u00e9server le mode de vie des Baka et de garantir la biodiversit\u00e9 de la for\u00eat tropicale. Dans la r\u00e9alit\u00e9, la surexploitation se poursuit et a un impact massif sur le mode de vie des Baka. <\/p>\n

Cette exploitation traditionnelle des ressources foresti\u00e8res par les Baka n’est pas seulement une source de nourriture, mais aussi un h\u00e9ritage culturel et un exemple d’utilisation respectueuse de la nature.<\/p>\n

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L’offre de la for\u00eatL\u2019art de la cueilletteLa cueillette dans la for\u00eat tropicale est un \u00e9l\u00e9ment central de la vie des Baka. Lors de leurs excursions, ils ramassent des plantes, des champignons et des chenilles. Cette activit\u00e9 est principalement pratiqu\u00e9e par les femmes, tandis que les hommes se concentrent sur la chasse. Les ressources collect\u00e9es compl\u00e8tent […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-256796","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/256796","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=256796"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/256796\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":257057,"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/256796\/revisions\/257057"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=256796"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}