{"id":257491,"date":"2025-11-29T23:40:44","date_gmt":"2025-11-29T22:40:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/?page_id=257491"},"modified":"2025-11-30T17:37:39","modified_gmt":"2025-11-30T16:37:39","slug":"la-sante-des-baka-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/baka-libuna.ch\/fr\/la-sante-des-baka-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Acc\u00e8s aux soins m\u00e9dicaux"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Acc\u00e8s aux soins m\u00e9dicaux<\/p>\n

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Un traitement simple peut \u00eatre inaccessible<\/b><\/strong><\/h3>\n

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Les services de sant\u00e9 sont souvent difficiles d’acc\u00e8s pour les Baka. La pauvret\u00e9, la discrimination et les longues distances rendent dangereuses les maladies m\u00eame traitables. Les enfants et les femmes enceintes sont particuli\u00e8rement touch\u00e9s. La s\u00e9dentarisation a mis \u00e0 mal de nombreux avantages de l’ancienne vie en for\u00eat. <\/h5>\n

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Les d\u00e9fis de l’acc\u00e8s \u00e0 la sant\u00e9 pour les Baka<\/h5>\n

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Pour les Baka, l’acc\u00e8s aux services de sant\u00e9 publics et priv\u00e9s constitue un obstacle consid\u00e9rable, qui devient presque insurmontable en cas d’urgence. A Mballam, le seul co\u00fbt du transport jusqu’au poste de sant\u00e9 le plus proche s’\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 4 francs. En contrepartie, ils doivent effectuer trois \u00e0 quatre jours de travail dans les champs des agriculteurs bantous. Au Cameroun, les traitements m\u00e9dicaux et les m\u00e9dicaments doivent \u00eatre pay\u00e9s, ce qui signifie que les Baka doivent souvent s’endetter pendant des mois pour le traitement d’une maladie. Ils h\u00e9sitent donc g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement \u00e0 demander une aide m\u00e9dicale jusqu’\u00e0 ce que leur maladie devienne critique, ce qui peut avoir des cons\u00e9quences fatales. Beaucoup souffrent ou meurent de maladies qui pourraient \u00eatre trait\u00e9es. <\/p>\n

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Discrimination dans le syst\u00e8me de sant\u00e9<\/h5>\n

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L’exclusion sociale s’ajoute \u00e0 la barri\u00e8re mat\u00e9rielle. Dans les institutions publiques, les Baka ne sont souvent pas pris au s\u00e9rieux, sont moins bien trait\u00e9s ou m\u00eame rejet\u00e9s. Les exp\u00e9riences humiliantes et la stigmatisation font que beaucoup ne cherchent m\u00eame pas \u00e0 obtenir une aide m\u00e9dicale. Le poids psychologique (frustration, r\u00e9signation) s’accro\u00eet et le seuil \u00e0 franchir pour se rendre \u00e0 temps au centre augmente. <\/p>\n

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Les anciens chasseurs-cueilleurs ont perdu les avantages environnementaux du nomadisme.<\/h5>\n

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Les Baka vivaient autrefois dans de petites colonies dispers\u00e9es dans la for\u00eat tropicale. Ces habitations, construites avec des branches et des feuilles, avaient un caract\u00e8re temporaire. Les petites communaut\u00e9s adaptaient leurs d\u00e9placements \u00e0 la nourriture disponible dans la for\u00eat et aux conditions climatiques, et se d\u00e9pla\u00e7aient lorsque la charge parasitaire devenait importante ou lorsqu’un membre de la communaut\u00e9 mourait. De cette mani\u00e8re, elles pouvaient maintenir une alimentation r\u00e9guli\u00e8re et r\u00e9duire le fardeau des maladies transmissibles. <\/p>\n

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En raison de leurs charges l\u00e9g\u00e8res et du faible nombre d’enfants survivants, les Baka \u00e9taient tr\u00e8s mobiles. Ils se d\u00e9pla\u00e7aient le long de vastes sentiers territoriaux qui r\u00e9duisaient les obstacles \u00e0 la recherche de nourriture et permettaient une utilisation \u00e9quilibr\u00e9e des ressources foresti\u00e8res. Aujourd’hui, les Baka se plaignent de la destruction de leurs sentiers par l’industrie foresti\u00e8re, qui ouvre des voies dans la for\u00eat o\u00f9 poussent des broussailles imp\u00e9n\u00e9trables, ainsi que des cours d’eau et des accumulations d’eau qui modifient le paysage. Ce que les visiteurs non avertis remarquent \u00e0 peine est, pour les Baka, une destruction dramatique de leur environnement et des sentiers qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s pendant des g\u00e9n\u00e9rations. <\/p>\n

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Les Baka avaient une alimentation saine, riche en prot\u00e9ines et en fibres et pauvre en sel, en lait et en sucre.<\/h5>\n

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Selon des \u00e9tudes, les chasseurs-cueilleurs ont une bonne condition physique, peu de graisse, une pression art\u00e9rielle basse et un faible taux de cholest\u00e9rol.<\/p>\n

Cependant, ces bonnes conditions physiques \u00e9taient contrebalanc\u00e9es par un taux de mortalit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9 d\u00fb aux accidents de chasse, aux accidents li\u00e9s \u00e0 la collecte du miel et aux morsures de serpents, de sorte que l’esp\u00e9rance de vie moyenne \u00e9tait tr\u00e8s faible.<\/p>\n

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La s\u00e9dentarisation a des cons\u00e9quences sur la sant\u00e9 des anciens chasseurs-cueilleurs.<\/h5>\n

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Aujourd’hui, la mortalit\u00e9 infantile est comparable \u00e0 ce qu’elle \u00e9tait en Europe il y a quelques si\u00e8cles, et tous les autres indicateurs de sant\u00e9 sont \u00e9galement tr\u00e8s mauvais par rapport \u00e0 d’autres groupes de population au Cameroun.<\/p>\n

En raison de la diminution rapide des sources de nourriture dans les for\u00eats, le r\u00e9gime alimentaire des Baka a chang\u00e9. Les prot\u00e9ines sont devenues rares et la malnutrition ou la sous-nutrition chez les enfants est tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandue. <\/p>\n

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Hygi\u00e8ne et eau<\/h5>\n

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La s\u00e9dentarisation et la promiscuit\u00e9 dans un habitat permanent exposent les habitants \u00e0 un contact accru avec les d\u00e9chets animaux et humains. Il en r\u00e9sulte une charge parasitaire plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e avec des effets n\u00e9gatifs sur la sant\u00e9. <\/p>\n

L’absence d’installations sanitaires entra\u00eene une augmentation de la pollution f\u00e9cale, source d’infections intestinales bact\u00e9riennes et virales, une cause majeure de malnutrition, de diarrh\u00e9e infectieuse et de mortalit\u00e9 infantile. Les vers intestinaux entra\u00eenent une an\u00e9mie et parfois un retard de croissance chez les enfants, ce qui peut avoir des cons\u00e9quences dramatiques sur leur d\u00e9veloppement. <\/p>\n

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Le port de v\u00eatements europ\u00e9ens a \u00e9t\u00e9 encourag\u00e9 par les missionnaires et les autorit\u00e9s. Sans savon, ces m\u00eames v\u00eatements se salissent jusqu’\u00e0 la destruction et offrent un terrain fertile aux maladies de peau. <\/span><\/p>\n

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Zoonoses et nouveaux risques<\/h5>\n

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Lors de leurs parties de chasse, les Baka entrent en contact avec des animaux sauvages et sont expos\u00e9s au risque de contracter des zoonoses (maladies transmises entre l’animal et l’homme). Le danger que repr\u00e9sentent les maladies zoonotiques a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re dramatique dans le cas du Covid-19. Il est probable que les zoonoses ne se soient pas propag\u00e9es dans le pass\u00e9, car les personnes infect\u00e9es vivaient dans de petites communaut\u00e9s dispers\u00e9es et mouraient ou se r\u00e9tablissaient avant d’entrer en contact avec des populations humaines plus importantes. <\/p>\n

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La dimension mentale de la discrimination<\/h5>\n

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Les Baka sont encore consid\u00e9r\u00e9s et trait\u00e9s par beaucoup comme des primitifs, voire des sous-hommes. La discrimination v\u00e9cue, associ\u00e9e \u00e0 la d\u00e9ception du d\u00e9veloppement, entra\u00eene des sentiments de frustration et de n\u00e9gligence chez les anciens habitants de la for\u00eat. Les cons\u00e9quences sont le stress et la d\u00e9pression, qui peuvent conduire \u00e0 la violence domestique et \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents types de comportements addictifs. L’alcoolisme s\u00e9v\u00e8re et le tabagisme sont tr\u00e8s r\u00e9pandus. Les donn\u00e9es sont tr\u00e8s minces pour les maladies m\u00e9dicales et pratiquement inexistantes pour les maladies mentales. <\/p>\n

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La m\u00e9decine traditionnelle des Baka en pleine \u00e9volution<\/h5>\n

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Au Cameroun, les Baka sont connus pour leur connaissance approfondie des plantes m\u00e9dicinales de la for\u00eat et leur m\u00e9decine traditionnelle. Mais ce pr\u00e9cieux savoir est confront\u00e9 au risque de l’oubli. D’une part, il n’y a pratiquement plus de transmission de cet h\u00e9ritage aux jeunes g\u00e9n\u00e9rations, et d’autre part, de nombreux rem\u00e8des traditionnels sont inefficaces contre des maladies autrefois inconnues dans leur mode de vie nomade. En cons\u00e9quence, les gu\u00e9risseurs et les sages a\u00een\u00e9s perdent leur influence politique et les conflits sociaux interg\u00e9n\u00e9rationnels sont de plus en plus fr\u00e9quents. <\/p>\n

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Ce que fait Baka Libuna<\/h3>\n

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L’autonomisation plut\u00f4t que la construction de cliniques<\/h5>\n

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Baka Libuna ne construit pas de cliniques et ne finance pas de m\u00e9dicaments \u00ab\u00a0d’en haut\u00a0\u00bb. L’approche est celle de l’autonomisation. Les revenus de la production agricole permettent aux familles de payer elles-m\u00eames le transport, les m\u00e9dicaments et les traitements. Cette base de revenus est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment la condition pr\u00e9alable \u00e0 un acc\u00e8s fiable. Ceux qui ont leur propre argent peuvent acc\u00e9der au centre, \u00eatre trait\u00e9s et payer les m\u00e9dicaments. <\/p>\n

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La sant\u00e9 par ses propres moyens<\/h5>\n

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Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 votre soutien, les Baka peuvent g\u00e9n\u00e9rer leurs propres revenus. Cela leur permet de payer les visites m\u00e9dicales, les m\u00e9dicaments et d’assurer la sant\u00e9 de leur famille. <\/p>\n

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